Molecular+Genetics

[[file:Introduction to Genetics.doc]]

 * __DNA Quiz:__**

__**Resources:**__
__**DNA Replication Video**__ __**[]**__ __**[]**__ __Article about Crick's Letters__ []

__DNA Timeline & Applications__ http://www.dnai.org/index.htm

__Biotechnology Techniques__ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/biotech/about-apropos/molecul_tech-eng.php

__Introduction to/Applications of Biotechnology__ http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/biotec/whatis.html

__DNA Replication__ []

__DNA Structure__ []

__**Protein Synthesis Questions**__

__**Biotechnology Tools and Techniques Lesson Assignment**__ **Chapter 4: Genetics** - Section 4.1 - By Drew MacNeil November 24, 2010
 * Topic || Group ||
 * Restriction Endonucleases || Mariam and Courtney ||
 * Methylases and DNA Ligase || Chris and Brittney ||
 * Gel Electrophoresis || Aleena and Federico ||
 * Polymerase Chain Reaction || Sarah & Sarah ||
 * Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism || Clinton and Drew ||
 * Genetic Engineering/DNA Cloning || Marshell and Tom ||
 * Transformation || Leila and Eva ||
 * DNA Sequencing || Mimi and Joanne ||
 * Plasmids & Mapping || Scott, Fiona and Sangitha ||

In-class animation, “Debate: Is the hereditary material protein or DNA?”: []
 * Protein considered to have higher chance of being the genetic material due to it’s potential for variation (they produced enzymes and were composed of polymers of 20 different amino acids).
 * DNA was simple, with only 4 different nucleotide possibilities.
 * Friedrich Miescher: isolated substance called nuclein from the nucleus of pus cells.
 * Nuclein was high in phosphorus; he thought it was the phosphorus storehouse of the cell (although it is actually DNA).
 * Phoebus Levene found that nuclein contained proteins and amino acids and 2 nucleic acids (now known as DNA and RNA).
 * DNA contains 4 differnet nucleotides (A,C,G,T), each with a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base.
 * Phosphate group bonds between the hydroxyl group on carbon five of one sugar to carbon three of the next, forming the DNA backbone.
 * DNA directionality is said to be from **5’ to 3’**.
 * DNA was thought to repeat in the same order, with the same amount of each base, called tetranucleotides (A-C-G-T).

 Picture obtained from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/history/images/dna_structure.gif

For more on DNA structure, see this interactive site: []

Reference to the textbook, section 4.1 (page 206) and here: []
 * Joachim Hammerling experimented with Acetabularia, which was easily seen (each cell was 5cm long).
 * He removed the caps of some cells, and the feet from others (which contained the nucleus).
 * The ones that had their heads removed regenerated; the feet did not.
 * Two acetabularia species were then used, each with a different cap.
 * He grafted the stalk of one species onto the foot of the other species.
 * A new cap grew; first it was a mix of both species but when that was cut off, a new one regenerated that was purely the same species of the foot.
 * **The genetic material is found in the nucleus.**

In-class animation, “A gene is made of DNA”: [] Picture obtained from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Griffith_experiment.svg/450px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png
 * Griffith’s transforming principle: DNA can become virulent if exposed to dead virulent DNA.
 * Griffith used 2 pneumococcus strains: R (not virulent) and S (virulent - has sugar coat to protect from immune system).
 * Mouse died if exposed to S, lived if exposed to R.
 * In a person, both strains could be found; he wanted to see if one could turn into the other.
 * Griffith used heat to kill the S strain; not virulent anymore.
 * Mixed dead S strain with live R strain; mouse died; he isolated live S from this mouse’s blood and found that it could infect other mice too.
 * He dictated that some “principle” transformed the R strain into the S strain.
 * McCarty, MacLeod, and Avery then heat killed the S strain and used detergent to split it open - obtained debris and Lysate.
 * Lysate consisted of protein, DNA, RNA, and sugar coat remnants.
 * Lysate combined with R cells produced S cells.
 * SIII enzyme used to remove sugar coats from lysate; remaining substance still produced S cells from R cells.
 * Proteinase used to remove proteins from lysate now; remaining substance only consisted of DNA and RNA - this substance still produced S cells from R cells.
 * The two nucleic acids were then isolated and were tested for transforming ability; they transformed R into S.
 * RNA was then destroyed in this substance using RNAase (only DNA left); could still transform R into S.
 * Used DNAase to remove all DNA (nothing left in solution now); it was unable to transform R into S.
 * **R could not transform into S without DNA!** **DNA is the transforming principle.**

Hershey-Chase experiment animation: [] Picture obtained from: http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/dogma/images/hersheychase.gif
 * They experimented with bacteriophages (which consist of DNA and protein).
 * Some bacteriophages were grown in the presence of S-35 radioactive sulfur (sulfur is only found in the protein portion).
 * These bacteriophages infected bacterial cells; no radioactive sulfur was found in the newly grown bacteriophages.
 * Other bacteriophages were grown in the presence of P-32 radioactive phosphor (phosphor is only found in the DNA portion).
 * These bacteriophages infected bacterial cells; radioactive phosphor was found in the newly grown bacteriophages.
 * **This is concrete evidence that DNA is the hereditary material, not protein.**

An article all about the debate of DNA vs. protein was also mentioned in class: []

Hey Guys,

Here is my powerpoint from the lesson on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Feel free to go over it, and I also suggest that you watch the narrarated animation for yourself; I found it really helped. Here is the link for that: []

Anyways, if you guys have any questions about PCR at all you can post them here and I can try to answer them, or you can also message me.



SARAH DUNN

media type="file" key="Plasmids.swf" width="590" height="590"
 * Plasmid animation**

-Scott

Here is a copy of the Handout. -Sangitha

Most of the information is written in the notes section of the Powerpoint.
 * DNA Sequencing**



This animation also offers a better understanding of the Sanger dideoxy method of DNA sequencing : []

__**DNA Fingerprinting Lab:**__

__**Way to Glow Lab:**__